Main Page/Historical events

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<!-- This page has a bunch of historical events, listed one per line, double-spaced, in the form: MM-DD-YEAR - (Each event is stated in the active, present tense). It's set up so a bot can randomly select an event to include on the Main page (Home) by placing <noinclude> tags around everything except the selected event. This is the only editor's comment allowed on this page; all others will be stripped out by the bot. If you want to change something, make sure each historic event begins with a numeric date, and make sure there are no spaces or anything else on this line after the arrow that terminates this comment -->
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<!-- This page has a bunch of historical events, listed one per line, double-spaced, in the form: MM-DD-YEAR - (Each event is stated in the active, present tense). It's set up so a bot can randomly select an event to include on the Main page (Home) by placing <noinclude> tags around everything except the selected event. This is the only editor's comment allowed on this page; all others will be stripped out by the bot. If you want to change something, make sure each historic event begins with a numeric date, and make sure there are no spaces or anything else on this line after the arrow that terminates this comment. UPDATE: The date that a particular item was last selected is now shown in a comment after the item. -->
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circa 593 BC — With the Athenian state near collapse due to dissensions between groups into which the population had been previously divided, the new archon, Solon, creates the Solonian Constitution which forgives debt, frees the slaves, abolishes serfdom, reduces the power of the aristocracy and expands suffrage. The reforms are credited with laying the foundations of the Athenian democracy. <!-- 19:48 2 July 2020 -->
  
4-14-1772 - The Pine Tree Riot breaks out in Weare, New Hampshire, protesting the king's collection of fines (taxes) on the harvesting of pine trees in the colonies.
 
  
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539–538 BC — The Cyrus Cylinder is written, describing the first known attempt to establish a pluralistic society with people of different faiths, cultures and national origins living together in peace. <!-- 16:58 31 October 2018 -->
  
12-16-1773 - Demonstrators throw a shipload of British tea into the Boston Harbor to protest taxation without representation.
 
  
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449 BC — In order to prevent Roman magistrates from applying the law arbitrarily, The Law of the Twelve Tables is written by a decemviri and the laws are posted publicly, so all Romans can read and know them. <!-- 19:12 18 July 2019 -->
  
3-23-1775 Patrick Henry says, “Give me Liberty, or give me Death!” in a speech at St. John's Church in Richmond, Virginia.
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June 3, 350 — Nepotianus, a Roman usurper,  proclaims himself emperor of Rome. Marcellinus quickly regains control and kills Nepotianus, parading his head around the city on a lance. <!-- 02:44 5 November 2020 -->
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May 30, 1381 — The Peasant's Revolt breaks out in Essex when John Bampton arrives to try to collect the poll tax. <!-- 13:04 30 May 2018 -->
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1526 — African slaves and native Guales revolt against their Spanish captures in the settlement of San Miguel de Guadalupe. The revolt is successful, the new Spanish settlement fails, and the Africans take refuge with the local Guale to become the first non-native permanent settlers of what would become the United States. <!-- 13:10 28 April 2020  -->
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Jan. 30, 1649 — At the conclusion of the English Civil Wars, Charles I is publicly beheaded for attempting to “uphold in himself an unlimited and tyrannical power to rule according to his will, and to overthrow the rights and liberties of the people.” The execution marked the beginning of the Commonwealth when England and Wales, and later Ireland and Scotland, were governed as a republic. <!-- 02:19 6 November 2019 -->
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1698 — Algernon Sidney publishes ''Discourses Concerning Government'', rejecting the concept of the divine rights of Kings and advancing the concept of the consent of the governed. His ideas substantially influence subsequent writers and the founders of the American Revolution. <!-- 15:31 21 March 2021 -->
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July 17, 1735 — John Peter Zenger, publisher of ''The New York Weekly Journal'', wins his libel case and his freedom after being arrested for criticizing the colonial governor. The case inspired a spirit of freedom of the press in America which endures to this day. <!--  -->
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1754 — Representatives from seven of the thirteen American colonies meet for the first time at the Albany Congress to better coordinate their efforts with the native tribes and to discuss other common interests.
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1756 - 1763 — The Seven Year's War is fought among all the great European powers, leaving Britain with a massive debt which they try to address by imposing taxes on the American colonies.
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Mar. 22, 1765 — The British impose the Stamp Act on the American colonies in an attempt to address the massive debt that the British incurred during the Seven Year's War. <!-- 02:08 28 May 2021 -->
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August 1765 — The Sons of Liberty is founded to secure American colonist's rights and to oppose British taxation without representation. <!--  -->
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1767-1768 — The British impose the Townshend Acts on the American colonies to tax and regulate them and attempt to pay off the massive debt that the British incurred during the Seven Year's War.
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1768 — Wentworth Cheswell becomes the first African American to be elected to public office, as town constable in Newmarket, New Hampshire. <!-- 20:28 13 February 2021 -->
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Apr. 14, 1772 — The Pine Tree Riot breaks out in Weare,&nbsp;New&nbsp;Hampshire, protesting the king's collection of fines (taxes) on the harvesting of pine trees in the colonies. <!-- 23:38 9 April 2018 -->
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Dec. 16, 1773 — Demonstrators throw a shipload of British tea into the Boston Harbor to protest taxation without representation. <!-- 23:38 16 April 2018 -->
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1774 — The British impose the Intolerable Acts in response to the Boston Tea Party, stripping Massachusetts colonists of many of their civil rights.
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Sept 5 - Oct 26, 1774 — The First Continental Congress meets to determine how to respond to the Intolerable Acts imposed by the British. They draft and send the ''Petition to the King'', a request calling for the repeal of the Intolerable Acts.
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Mar. 23, 1775 Patrick&nbsp;Henry says, “Give me Liberty, or give me Death!” in a speech at St.&nbsp;John's Church in Richmond,&nbsp;Virginia. <!-- 09:49, 21 March 2017 -->
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Apr. 18, 1775 — Paul&nbsp;Revere and William&nbsp;Dawes, ride from Boston to Lexington warning that “The British are coming” to seize John&nbsp;Hancock, Sam&nbsp;Adams and the colonial guns and ammo in Concord. <!-- 15:57, 5 July 2016 -->
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May 10, 1775 — The Second Continental Congress meets. They first elect Peyton Randolph, and then John&nbsp;Hancock as president, then raise the Continental Army under George Washington as commander and authorize the colonies to adopt their own constitutions. <!-- 18:06 30 April 2019 -->
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Jun. 14, 1775 — The Continental Congress selects George Washington as commander of the Continental Army. <!-- 04:08 31 December 2018 -->
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Jul. 5, 1775 — The Continental Congress offers the ''Olive Branch Petition'', in hopes of reconciliation with the British. <!-- 00:45 28 January 2019 -->
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Jul. 6, 1775 — The Continental Congress issues the ''Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms'', stating: “...Our cause is just... being with one mind resolved to die freemen rather than to live slaves...”.<!-- June 1, 2017 -->
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Aug. 23, 1775 — Refusing to even look at the ''Olive Branch Petition'', King George issues a ''Proclamation of Rebellion'' against the American colonies. <!-- 23:31 7 January 2020 -->
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Jan. 10, 1776 — Thomas Paine publishes his pamphlet ''Common Sense'' arguing for independence from British rule in the Thirteen Colonies. <!-- 15 Jun 2017 -->
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Mar. 9, 1776 — Adam Smith publishes ''The Wealth of Nations'' in London, greatly advancing understanding of free market economics. <!-- 01:38 14 August 2018 -->
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May 4, 1776 — Rhode Island becomes the first colony to renounce allegiance to King George III of Great&nbsp;Britain. <!-- 02:24 12 May 2019 -->
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June 1776 — Thomas Jefferson writes the rough draft of the Declaration of Independence berating King George for a long list of deplorable acts, including the development and support of the Atlantic slave trade, which Jefferson called an "assemblage of horrors". His criticism of slavery is later deleted from the document by the Contenental Congress. <!-- 14:06 4 July 2019 -->
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Jul. 2, 1776 — The Declaration of Independence is completed by the Continental Congress. The Lee Resolution is passed declaring the colonies to be independent of the British Empire. <!-- 18:38, 28 June 2017 -->
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Jul. 9, 1776 — An angry mob topples a statue of George III of Great Britain in Bowling&nbsp;Green,&nbsp;NY. <!-- 14:13 12 October 2019 -->
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Dec. 23, 1776 — Thomas Paine begins publishing ''The American Crisis'', which includes the famous phrase, “These are the times that try men's souls”. <!-- 14:21 12 March 2020 -->
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Mar. 1, 1781 — The&nbsp;Articles&nbsp;of&nbsp;Confederation are ratified by the thirteen original states of the United&nbsp;States. <!-- 19:30, 1 March 2017 -->
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Jun. 17, 1783 — Nearly 400 soldiers from the Continental Army storm the Congress of the Confederation in the State House in Philadelphia, protesting to demand payment for their service in the Revolutionary War. Congress flees Philadelphia for Princeton, New Jersey.
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Jan. 3, 1783 — Great Britain acknowledges the independence of the United&nbsp;States.
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Apr. 15, 1783 — Preliminary articles of peace ending the American Revolutionary War are ratified. <!-- 02:20 4 April 2020 -->
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Jan. 14, 1784 — The Congress of the United&nbsp;States ratifies the ''Treaty of Paris'' with Great&nbsp;Britain officially ending the Revolutionary War.
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Late-February 1784 — William Whipple frees his slave, Prince Whipple, saying that no man could fight for freedom and continue to hold another in bondage. <!-- 20:55 19 November 2019 -->
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Nov. 28, 1785 — The ''Treaty of Hopewell'' is signed between the United&nbsp;States of America and the Cherokee Nation. <!-- 06:08 26 September 2019 -->
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Jan. 3, 1786 — The third ''Treaty of Hopewell'' is signed between the United&nbsp;States of America and the Choctaw.
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Sep. 11, 1786 — The Annapolis Convention is held, resulting in the scheduling of the Philadelphia Convention. <!-- 18:41 30 November 2018 -->
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Aug. 1786 - June 1787 — Shays' Rebellion in Massachusetts. War veterans take up arms because of poor treatment by the government.
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May 14, 1787 — In Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, delegates begin arriving for a Constitutional Convention. <!-- 18:08 10 September 2018 -->
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Sep. 17, 1787 — The United&nbsp;States Constitution is adopted by the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia. <!-- 01:13 9 September 2020 -->
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Oct. 27, 1787 — The first of the ''Federalist&nbsp;Papers'', a series of essays calling for ratification of the U.S. Constitution, is published in a New York paper. <!-- 04:41 22 October 2019 -->
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Dec. 7, 1787 — Delaware ratifies the Constitution and becomes the first U.S. state.
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Dec. 12, 1787 — Pennsylvania becomes the second state to ratify the United&nbsp;States Constitution, five days after Delaware became the first.
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Jun. 21, 1788 — The U.S. Constitution is ratified by New Hampshire and reaches the necessary nine states required for it to become effective. <!-- 13:38 19 June 2019 -->
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Mar. 4, 1789 — The first session of Congress begins under the new U.S. Constitution as the United&nbsp;States transitions from a union of states governed by a treaty into a new federation governed by a constitution. <!-- 11:39 28 February 2019 -->
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Sep. 25, 1789 —  Congress proposes twelve amendments to the Constitution — a&nbsp;Bill&nbsp;of&nbsp;Rights. Eleven of those twelve amendments were later ratified by the states. <!-- 21:15 28 September 2018 -->
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Sep. 22, 1791 — The French ''Constitution of 1791'' is ratified by the National Assembly.
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Nov. 1791 — The Haitian Revolution erupts. Led by Toussaint Louverture and Jean-Jacques Dessalines, former slaves fight for their freedom and in 1804 kill off most of the remaining European colonialists to establish the first free republic governed by former slaves. <!-- 12:08 13 June 2021  -->
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Dec. 15, 1791 — The first ten amendments to the Constitution, the Bill of Rights, are ratified by the states. <!-- 05:46 15 December 2019 -->
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Mar. 14, 1794 — Eli Whitney receives a patent on the cotton gin which ignites the southern cotton industry, leads to an increase in southern slavery and sharpens the divisions between the North and the South. <!-- 20:55 16 March 2019 -->
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Feb. 7, 1795 — Three years following ratification of the Bill&nbsp;of&nbsp;Rights, the 11th&nbsp;Amendment is ratified, limiting federal jurisdiction in law suits against states by out-of-state entities. <!-- 20:14 5 February 2021 -->
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Apr. 7, 1795 — France adopts the metric system.
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Aug. 3, 1795 — Signing of the ''Treaty of Greenville'' puts an end to the Northwest Indian War.
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Aug. 22, 1795 — The French ''Constitution of Year III'' is ratified by the National Convention.
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Oct. 27, 1795 — The United&nbsp;States and Spain sign the ''Treaty of Madrid'', establishing the boundaries between their respective lands in America.
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Feb. 17, 1801 — When no candidate receives a majority in the presidential election, the House of Representatives elects Thomas Jefferson on their 36th ballot after a week of debate and balloting.
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Jun. 15, 1804 — Because of issues during the previous presidential election, the 12th Amendment is ratified by the states, changing the presidential election procedures. <!-- 17:58, 10 May 2017-->
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Dec. 30, 1816 — ''Treaty of St. Louis'' is signed by the United&nbsp;States and the united Ottawa, Ojibwa, and Potawatomi Indian tribes. <!-- 18:02 23 December 2019 -->
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1821 – Thomas L. Jennings becomes the first African American to hold a patent, for a dry-cleaning process.
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1823 – Alexander Twilight is the first African American to receive a degree from an American college, Middlebury College, Vermont. <!-- 15:33 10 April 2021 -->
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Dec. 30, 1825 — ''Treaty&nbsp;of&nbsp;St.&nbsp;Louis'' is signed by the United&nbsp;States and the Shawnee&nbsp;Nation.
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Mar. 16, 1827 — The first black owned-and-operated newspaper, Freedom's Journal, is founded by William Hamilton, John Wilk, Rev. Peter Williams Jr. and other free blacks in New York City.
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Aug. 21, 1831 — Nat Turner leads a slave rebellion in Southampton County, Virginia, killing about 60 white oppressors using knives, hatchets, axes, clubs and firearms. <!-- 20:16 27 July 2019 -->
  
 
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4-18-1775 – Paul&nbsp;Revere and William&nbsp;Dawes, ride from Boston to Lexington warning that “The British are coming” to seize John&nbsp;Hancock, Sam&nbsp;Adams and the colonial guns and ammo in Concord.
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1836 — Alexander Twilight is elected to Vermont's House of Representatives, the first black person in the country elected to state office.<!-- 17:46 22 June 2021 -->
 
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5-10-1775 – The Second Continental Congress meets, elects John&nbsp;Hancock president, raises the Continental Army under George Washington as commander and authorizes the colonies to adopt their own constitutions.
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1837 — Dr James McCune Smith becomes the first formally trained African-American medical doctor to practice medicine in the United States.
  
  
6-14-1775 – The Continental Congress selects George Washington as commander of the Continental Army.
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July 2, 1839 — Forty-nine Africans who were kidnapped from Sierra Leone and brought to America seize their transport ship, La Amistad, kill the cook and the captain, and eventually secure their freedom after the Supreme Court case ''United States v. Schooner Amistad''. <!-- 20:58 23 March 2020 -->
  
  
7-5-1775 – The Continental Congress offers the ''Olive Branch Petition'', in hopes of reconciliation with the British.
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May 1845 — Macon Allen is admitted to the Boston bar, becoming the first black person licensed to practice law in the United States. He later founded the first black law firm in the US with William Whipper and Robert Elliott, and was elected as a judge in Charleston County, South Carolina.
  
  
7-6-1775 – The Continental Congress issues the ''Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms'', stating: “...Our cause is just... being with one mind resolved to die freemen rather than to live slaves...”.
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July 24, 1847 — Richard M. Hoe is issued a patent on the rotary printing press.
  
  
8-23-1775 – Refusing to even look at the ''Olive Branch Petition'', King George issues a ''Proclamation of Rebellion'' against the American colonies.
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Jul. 5, 1852 — Frederick Douglass delivers his famous speech, "What to the Slave is the Fourth of July?". <!-- 03:55 11 July 2020 -->
  
  
1-10-1776 – Thomas Paine publishes his pamphlet ''Common Sense'' arguing for independence from British rule in the Thirteen Colonies.
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1856 — Wilberforce University, the first college owned and operated by black people, is founded in Ohio. Its president, Bishop&nbsp;Daniel&nbsp;Payne, is the first black man to be president of a U.S. college. <!-- 23:43 13 March 2021 -->
  
  
3-9-1776 – Adam Smith publishes ''The Wealth of Nations'' in London, greatly advancing understanding of free market economics.
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1858 — Sarah Jane Woodson Early becomes the first African-American woman college instructor in the United States at Wilberforce College.
  
  
5-4-1776 – Rhode Island becomes the first colony to renounce allegiance to King George III of Great&nbsp;Britain.
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Nov. 7, 1861 — The Gullah become the first African Americans freed during the Civil&nbsp;War as Union forces establish beachheads in the Sea Islands and along the coast of South&nbsp;Carolina. <!-- 13:59 5 February 2020 -->
  
  
7-2-1776 – The Declaration of Independence is completed by the Continental Congress. The Lee Resolution is passed declaring the colonies to be independent of the British Empire.
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June 7, 1862 — President Abraham&nbsp;Lincoln proclaims the Lyons-Seward Treaty with Great&nbsp;Britain to suppress the African slave trade. <!-- 22:49 12 October 2020 -->
  
  
7-9-1776 – An angry mob topples a statue of George III of Great Britain in Bowling&nbsp;Green,&nbsp;NY.
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Jan. 1, 1863 — President Abraham Lincoln issues an executive order proclaiming freedom to all of the slaves in the ten states in rebellion. The Emancipation Proclamation excluded areas not in rebellion, but eventually freed 3.5 million of the country's 4 million slaves. <!-- 16:32 9 December 2018 -->
  
  
12-23-1776 – Thomas Paine begins publishing ''The American Crisis'', which includes the famous phrase, “These are the times that try men's souls.
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1864 — Dr. Rebecca Davis Lee Crumpler becomes the first black woman in the United States to earn an M.D.  
  
  
1-3-1783 – Great Britain acknowledges the independence of the United States.
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Apr. 9, 1865 — The Confederacy surrenders to General Grant at the Appomattox Court House. <!-- 19:19 1 April 2019 -->
  
  
4-15-1783 – Preliminary articles of peace ending the American Revolutionary War are ratified.
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Dec. 6, 1865 — The 13th Amendment is ratified by the states, abolishing slavery. <!-- 17:34 30 November 2019 -->
  
  
1-14-1784 – The Congress of the United States ratifies the ''Treaty of Paris'' with Great&nbsp;Britain officially ending the Revolutionary War.
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Jul. 9, 1868 — The 14th Amendment is ratified by the states, extending due process, equal protection, and other protections to citizens within state jurisdiction. <!-- 21:07 3 April 2018 -->
  
  
11-28-1785 – The ''Treaty of Hopewell'' is signed between the United States of America and the Cherokee Nation.
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Feb. 23, 1870 — Hiram Revels becomes the first African-American Senator. <!-- 00:22, 6 January 2018 -->
  
  
1-3-1786 – The third ''Treaty of Hopewell'' is signed between the United States of America and the Choctaw.
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Feb. 3, 1870 — The 15th Amendment is ratified by the states, recognizing the right to vote for all races. <!-- 00:00 28 January 2020 -->
  
  
9-11–1786 – Annapolis Convention held, resulting in scheduling of the Philadelphia Convention.
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Dec. 12, 1870 — Joseph Rainey becomes the first African American member of the House&nbsp;of&nbsp;Representatives. <!-- 20:13 10 December 2019 -->
  
  
2-4-1787 – Shays' Rebellion in Massachusetts. War veterans take up arms because of poor treatment by the government.
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Mar. 10, 1876 — Alexander Graham Bell successfully transmits his voice over an electrical circuit using his new invention, the telephone. <!-- 15:33, 2 January 2017 -->
  
  
5-14-1787 – In Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, delegates begin arriving for a Constitutional Convention.
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Feb. 8, 1878 — Thomas Edison is issued the first patent for the phonograph.
  
  
9-17-1787 – The United States Constitution is adopted by the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia.
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1881 — Congress is out of session during the two months that President James Garfield lay dying from his gunshot wounds, but the country continues to run smoothly. <!-- 06:07 7 October 2018 -->
  
  
10-27-1787 – The first of the ''Federalist&nbsp;Papers'', a series of essays calling for ratification of the U.S. Constitution, is published in a New York paper.
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1882 — Efforts by the Readjuster Party in Danville, Virginia lead to the establishment of the first racially integrated police force in the United States. <!-- 22:56 6 September 2019 -->
  
  
12-7-1787 – Delaware ratifies the Constitution and becomes the first U.S. state.
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1884 — Judy W. Reed is the first black woman to hold a US patent, for an improved dough kneader and roller.
  
  
12-12-1787 – Pennsylvania becomes the second state to ratify the United States Constitution, five days after Delaware became the first.
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1887 — Granville Tailer Woods receives a patent for his invention, the Multiplex Telegraph, a device that could send messages between train stations and moving trains. <!-- 00:38 22 November 2018 -->
  
  
12-18-1787 – New Jersey becomes the third U.S. state.
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May 4, 1884 — Ida B. Wells refuses to give up her seat in the ladies first class section of a railroad car in Memphis -- more than seventy years before Rosa Parks does the same on a bus in Montgomery, AL. <!-- 21:01 3 May 2018 -->
  
  
9-25-1789 – Twelve amendments to the Constitution, a Bill of Rights, are proposed by Congress, eleven of which are subsequently ratified by the states.
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Sep. 4, 1888 — George Eastman is issued a patent on the first roll-film camera.
  
  
9-22-1791 – The French ''Constitution of 1791'' is ratified by the National Assembly.
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Sep. 18, 1895 — Booker T. Washington delivers his Atlanta compromise speech at The&nbsp;Cotton&nbsp;States and International&nbsp;Exposition. <!-- 21:33 21 April 2018 -->
  
  
12-15-1791 – The first ten amendments to the Constitution, the Bill of Rights, are ratified by the states.
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Dec. 17, 1901 — Wilbur and Orville Wright make the first powered airplane flights in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. <!-- 12:22 29 July 2020 -->
  
  
3-14-1794 – Eli Whitney receives a patent on the cotton gin.  
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July 11-13, 1905 —  W. E. B. Du Bois, William Monroe Trotter and other activists meet in Niagara Falls and found the Niagara Movement, a forerunner of the NAACP.  
  
  
2-7-1795 – The 11th Amendment is ratified by the states, limiting federal jurisdiction in law suits against states by out-of-state entities. 
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April 1909 — Charles David Herrold, an electronics instructor in San Jose, California builds a spark gap radio and launches the first broadcast radio station -- a new industry that, along with filmed newsreels, would eventually break the monopoly in journalism that the printing press had enjoyed for centuries. <!-- 19:38 7 April 2019 -->
  
  
4-7-1795 – Adoption of the metric system in France.
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1910 — Madam C. J. Walker is the first black woman become a millionaire in the US.  
  
  
8-3-1795 – Signing of the ''Treaty of Greenville'' puts an end to the Northwest Indian War.
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Feb. 3, 1913 — The 16th Amendment is ratified by the states, allowing the federal government to impose an income tax.
  
  
8-22-1795 – The French ''Constitution of Year III'' is ratified by the National Convention.
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Apr. 8, 1913 — The 17th Amendment is ratified by the states, establishing the direct election of Senators by popular vote. <!-- 13:01, 28 March 2017 -->
  
  
10-27-1795 – The United States and Spain sign the ''Treaty of Madrid'', establishing the boundaries between their respective lands in America.
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Apr. 20, 1914 — About two dozen people in a tent colony of 1,200 striking coal miners, including miners' wives and children, are killed by the Colorado National Guard and camp guards from the Colorado Fuel & Iron Company in Ludlow, Colorado. <!-- 07:41, 19 January 2017 -->
  
  
6-15-1804 – The 12th Amendment is ratified by the states, changing the presidential election procedures.
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Jan. 16, 1919 — The 18th Amendment is ratified by the states, banning the manufacture and sale of alcohol. <!-- 03:48 9 January 2019 -->
  
  
12-30-1816 – ''Treaty of St. Louis'' signed by the United States and the united Ottawa, Ojibwa, and Potawatomi Indian tribes.
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Aug. 18, 1920 — The 19th Amendment is ratified by the states, recognizing the right to vote for all people irrespective of sex. <!-- 22:34 21 August 2020 -->
  
  
12-30-1825 – ''Treaty&nbsp;of&nbsp;St.&nbsp;Louis'' signed by the United&nbsp;States and the Shawnee&nbsp;Nation.
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Mar. 13, 1931 — After failing to be held responsible for more serious crimes, Al Capone is charged with income tax evasion, then sent to prison where his health rapidly declines until he's nearly mentally incompetent upon his release years later. <!-- 10:13 28 February 2021 -->
  
  
7-24-1847 – Richard M. Hoe is issued a patent on the rotary printing press.
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July 28, 1932 — Police open fire on the Bonus Army Marchers in Washington, D.C., who where protesting for payment of IOU's issued to them after WWI. The U.S. Army, led by Douglas MacArthur and George S. Patton, attacks the 43,000 protesters, including men, women and children, burning their shelters and all of their possessions. Two were killed and hundreds were injured.
  
  
12-6-1865 – The 13th Amendment is ratified by the states, abolishing slavery.
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Jan. 23, 1933 — The 20th Amendment is ratified by the states, changing the dates on which the President and Vice President, and the Congress begin their terms. (to January&nbsp;20th and January&nbsp;3rd, respectively). <!-- 12:56 18 January 2020 -->
  
  
7-9-1868 – The 14th Amendment is ratified by the states, extending due process, equal protection, and other protections to citizens within state jurisdiction.
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Dec. 5, 1933 — The 21st Amendment is ratified by the states, repealing the 18th Amendment — lifting the ban on alcohol. <!-- 15:50 4 December 2020 -->
  
  
2-3-1870 – The 15th Amendment is ratified by the states, recognizing the right to vote for all races.
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1939 — William H. Hastie is the first black federal magistrate, and later the first black governor in the United States.
  
  
2-8-1878 – Thomas Edison is issued the first patent for the phonograph.
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Feb. 19, 1942 — Franklin&nbsp;D.&nbsp;Roosevelt issues Executive Order&nbsp;9066, imprisoning 120,000 totally innocent Japanese Americans, mostly U.S. citizens, in concentration camps. <!-- 09:19 13 August 2019 -->
  
  
9-4-1888 – George Eastman is issued a patent on the first roll-film camera.
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Nov. 9, 1942 — The Supreme Court issues its opinion in ''Wickard v. Filburn'' claiming that, based on the Commerce Clause, Congress has unlimited power to prohibit virtually any activity. <!-- 17:40, 26 August 2016 -->
  
  
12-17-1903 – Wilbur and Orville Wright make the first powered airplane flights in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina.
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1945 — Josephine Baker is awarded the Croix de Guerre and Legion of Honour for her work assisting the allies during the French resistance. <!-- 04:31 21 May 2019 -->
  
  
2-3-1913 – The 16th Amendment is ratified by the states, allowing the federal government to impose an income tax.
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1946 — William H. Hastie is the first black governor in the United States.
  
  
4-8-1913 – The 17th Amendment is ratified by the states, establishing the direct election of Senators by popular vote.
+
Dec. 23, 1947 — John&nbsp;Bardeen and Walter&nbsp;Brattain at AT&T Bell Labs observe the amplifying effect of a crystal of germanium, and with William&nbsp;Shockley, develop the first transistor. <!-- 19:47, 27 June 2016 -->
  
  
4-20-1914 - About two dozen people in a tent colony of 1,200 striking coal miners, including miners' wives and children, are killed by the Colorado National Guard and Colorado Fuel & Iron Company camp guards in Ludlow, Colorado.
+
Jan. 27, 1951 — The 22nd Amendment is ratified by the states, limiting presidents to two terms. <!-- 19:14, 24 January 2017 -->
  
  
1-16-1919 – The 18th Amendment is ratified by the states, banning the manufacture and sale of alcohol.
+
May 17, 1954 — The Supreme Court issues its opinion in ''Brown&nbsp;v.&nbsp;Board of Education'' eliminating segregation in public schools, partially overruling its 1896 decision in ''Plessy&nbsp;v.&nbsp;Ferguson'', and declaring that "separate educational facilities are inherently unequal." <!-- 21:40 28 October 2019 -->
  
  
8-18-1920 – The 19th Amendment is ratified by the states, recognizing the right to vote for all people irrespective of sex.
+
Dec. 1, 1955 — Rosa Parks refuses to give up her seat on a bus in Montgomery, Alabama, igniting the civil rights movement. <!-- 13:59 28 February 2020 -->
  
  
1-23-1933 – The 20th Amendment is ratified by the states, changing the dates on which the President and Vice President, and the Congress begin their terms. (January 20th and January 3rd, respectively).
+
Mar. 11, 1959 — The play ''A Raisin in the Sun'' by Lorraine Hansberry debutes on Broadway. <!-- 18:48 7 February 2020 -->
  
  
12-5-1933 – The 21st Amendment is ratified by the states, repealing the 18th Amendment – lifting the ban on alcohol.
+
1960 — Rev. Clennon King is the first black United States presidential candidate.
  
  
2-19-1942 – Franklin&nbsp;D.&nbsp;Roosevelt issues Executive Order&nbsp;9066, imprisoning 120,000 totally innocent Japanese Americans, mostly U.S. citizens, in internment camps.
+
Mar. 29, 1961 —  Washington&nbsp;D.C. becomes part of the electoral college when the 23rd Amendment is ratified by the states. <!-- 20:28 15 December 2020 -->
  
  
11-9-1942 – The Supreme Court issues its opinion in ''Wickard v. Filburn'' claiming that, based on the Commerce Clause, Congress has unlimited power to prohibit virtually any activity.
+
1963 — Walter Harris becomes the first African-American chess master.
  
  
12-23-1947 – John&nbsp;Bardeen and Walter&nbsp;Brattain at AT&T Bell Labs observe the amplifying effect of a crystal of germanium, and with William&nbsp;Shockley, develop the first transistor.  
+
Apr. 16, 1963 — Martin Luther King, Jr. writes his ''Letter from Birmingham Jail'' in defense of the civil rights movement and the nonviolent, civil disobedience strategy that he advocated. <!-- 00:53 15 April 2019 -->
  
  
1-27-1951 – The 22nd Amendment is ratified by the states, limiting presidents to two terms.
+
Aug. 28, 1963 — Martin Luther King, Jr. delivers his historic “I Have a Dream” speech, culminating the '''''March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom.''''' <!-- 00:19 28 August 2018 -->
  
  
3-29-1961 – The 23rd Amendment is ratified by the states, including Washington D.C. in the electoral college.
+
Jan. 23, 1964 — The 24th Amendment is ratified by the states, eliminating poll taxes, one of the Jim Crow laws that disenfranchised African Americans. <!-- 15:20 7 June 2020 -->
  
  
8-28-1963 - Martin Luther King, Jr. delivers his historic “I Have a Dream” speech, culminating the '''''March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom.'''''
+
Jul. 2, 1964 — The Civil Rights Act of 1964 is signed into law, prohibiting discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin at the workplace and by facilities that serve the general public, and banning racial segregation in schools and discrimination in voter registration requirements. <!-- 23:04 20 February 2020 -->
  
  
1-23-1964 – The 24th Amendment is ratified by the states, eliminating poll taxes.
+
Aug. 6, 1965 — The Voting Rights Act of 1965 is signed into law, prohibiting discrimination in voting and providing the U.S. Department of Justice with expanded enforcement authority. <!-- 15:51 30 July 2019 -->
  
  
2-10-1967 – The 25th Amendment is ratified by the states, adjusting the procedures for presidential succession.
+
1966 — Robert C. Weaver becomes the first black US Cabinet secretary. Later in 2000, the HUD building is renamed to the ''Robert C. Weaver Federal Building'' in his honor.
  
  
7-1-1971 – The 26th Amendment is ratified by the states, recognizing the right to vote for anyone eighteen years of age and over.
+
Feb. 10, 1967 — The 25th Amendment is ratified by the states, adjusting the procedures for presidential succession. <!-- 18:54 9 January 2021 -->
  
  
11-9-1989 - The Berlin Wall falls, allowing people to freely travel to/from East Berlin.
+
Oct. 2, 1967 — Thurgood Marshall becomes the first African-American Justice on the Supreme Court of the United States.
  
  
5-7-1992 –  One of the twelve originally proposed amendments comprising the Bill of Rights, which makes members of Congress face the voters before any change in their salary takes effect, is ratified by the states becoming the 27th Amendment.
+
Jan. 3, 1969 — Shirley Chisholm becomes the first black woman to become a member of Congress. <!-- 04:08 9 February 2019 -->
  
  
12-12-2000 – The United States Supreme Court releases its decision in ''Bush v. Gore'', selecting the President.
+
Jun. 28, 1969 — A police raid of the Stonewall Inn in Greenwich Village, triggers a riot by its gay and lesbian patrons demanding recognition of their right to be who they are and to love who they want without harassment. <!-- 19:45 27 June 2019 -->
  
  
7-21-1969 Neil&nbsp;Armstrong and Buzz&nbsp;Aldrin become the first to walk on the moon, while Michael&nbsp;Collins pilots the Apollo&nbsp;11 command spacecraft in lunar orbit.
+
Jul. 21, 1969 Neil&nbsp;Armstrong and Buzz&nbsp;Aldrin become the first to walk on the moon, while Michael&nbsp;Collins pilots the Apollo&nbsp;11 command spacecraft in lunar orbit. <!-- 17:01, 13 October 2016 -->
  
  
</noinclude>
+
Jul. 1, 1971 — The 26th Amendment is ratified by the states, recognizing the right to vote for anyone eighteen years of age and over.
 +
 
 +
 
 +
Aug. 9, 1974 —  Facing certain impeachment and removal from office, President Nixon resigns from office. <!-- 18:02 27 March 2018 -->
 +
 
 +
 
 +
Sept. 17, 1978 — Mediated by President Jimmy Carter, the Camp David Accords are signed by Egyptian President Anwar El Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin. <!-- 04:13 15 November 2018 -->
 +
 
 +
 
 +
Oct. 1, 1989 — Colin Powell becomes the first African-American to serve as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.
 +
 
 +
 
 +
Nov. 9, 1989 — The Berlin Wall falls, allowing people to freely travel to/from East Berlin. <!-- 07:19, 22 August 2016 -->
 +
 
 +
 
 +
Aug. 20, 1991 — Estonia declares independence from the Soviet Union, then goes on to establish a free-market, free-trade economy with a flat-rate income tax, full civil liberties, and a free press, along with a constitutionally required balanced budget. <!-- 15:46 20 August 2018 -->
 +
 
 +
 
 +
May 7, 1992 —  Gregory Watson singlehandedly lobbies state legislators and successfully gets one of the twelve originally proposed amendments comprising the Bill of Rights, which makes members of Congress face the voters before any change in their salary takes effect, ratified by the states becoming the 27th Amendment. <!-- 19:29 2 June 2019 -->
 +
 
 +
 
 +
July 1, 1999 — Shirley Ann Jackson becomes the first black woman to be president of a US University, and the first woman and first African American of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.
 +
 
 +
 
 +
Dec. 12, 2000 — The United&nbsp;States Supreme Court releases its decision in ''Bush v. Gore'', selecting the President.
 +
 
 +
 
 +
Jan. 20, 2001 — Colin Powell becomes the first African American Secretary of State.
 +
 
 +
 
 +
2002 — Halle Berry is the first African-American woman to win the Academy Award for Best Actress.
 +
 
 +
 
 +
Jan. 26, 2005 — Condoleezza Rice becomes the frst African-American woman Secretary of State.
 +
 
 +
 
 +
Feb. 28, 2007 — The parliament of the Balearic Islands, an autonomous region of Spain, becomes the first legislature to recognize the civil rights of all hominids. <!-- 14:31 29 May 2020 -->
 +
 
 +
 
 +
Jan. 20, 2009 — Barak Obama becomes the first African American president. <!-- 06:13 28 August 2019 -->
 +
 
 +
 
 +
July 17, 2009 — Charles F. Bolden Jr. becomes the first African-American Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
 +
 
 +
 
 +
Jan. 22, 2021 — Lloyd Austin becomes the first African-American United States Secretary of Defense.
 +
 
 +
<noinclude>

Latest revision as of 13:50, 22 June 2021

The content on this page is contributed by the users of this site and does not necessarily reflect the views of
Uniting Amendment or Egalib, Inc.

Page Created: 2014-5-13
Last Change: 2021-06-22

06:27 23 December 2024 UTC


circa 593 BC — With the Athenian state near collapse due to dissensions between groups into which the population had been previously divided, the new archon, Solon, creates the Solonian Constitution which forgives debt, frees the slaves, abolishes serfdom, reduces the power of the aristocracy and expands suffrage. The reforms are credited with laying the foundations of the Athenian democracy.


539–538 BC — The Cyrus Cylinder is written, describing the first known attempt to establish a pluralistic society with people of different faiths, cultures and national origins living together in peace.


449 BC — In order to prevent Roman magistrates from applying the law arbitrarily, The Law of the Twelve Tables is written by a decemviri and the laws are posted publicly, so all Romans can read and know them.


June 3, 350 — Nepotianus, a Roman usurper, proclaims himself emperor of Rome. Marcellinus quickly regains control and kills Nepotianus, parading his head around the city on a lance.


May 30, 1381 — The Peasant's Revolt breaks out in Essex when John Bampton arrives to try to collect the poll tax.


1526 — African slaves and native Guales revolt against their Spanish captures in the settlement of San Miguel de Guadalupe. The revolt is successful, the new Spanish settlement fails, and the Africans take refuge with the local Guale to become the first non-native permanent settlers of what would become the United States.


Jan. 30, 1649 — At the conclusion of the English Civil Wars, Charles I is publicly beheaded for attempting to “uphold in himself an unlimited and tyrannical power to rule according to his will, and to overthrow the rights and liberties of the people.” The execution marked the beginning of the Commonwealth when England and Wales, and later Ireland and Scotland, were governed as a republic.


1698 — Algernon Sidney publishes Discourses Concerning Government, rejecting the concept of the divine rights of Kings and advancing the concept of the consent of the governed. His ideas substantially influence subsequent writers and the founders of the American Revolution.


July 17, 1735 — John Peter Zenger, publisher of The New York Weekly Journal, wins his libel case and his freedom after being arrested for criticizing the colonial governor. The case inspired a spirit of freedom of the press in America which endures to this day.


1754 — Representatives from seven of the thirteen American colonies meet for the first time at the Albany Congress to better coordinate their efforts with the native tribes and to discuss other common interests.


1756 - 1763 — The Seven Year's War is fought among all the great European powers, leaving Britain with a massive debt which they try to address by imposing taxes on the American colonies.


Mar. 22, 1765 — The British impose the Stamp Act on the American colonies in an attempt to address the massive debt that the British incurred during the Seven Year's War.


August 1765 — The Sons of Liberty is founded to secure American colonist's rights and to oppose British taxation without representation.


1767-1768 — The British impose the Townshend Acts on the American colonies to tax and regulate them and attempt to pay off the massive debt that the British incurred during the Seven Year's War.


1768 — Wentworth Cheswell becomes the first African American to be elected to public office, as town constable in Newmarket, New Hampshire.


Apr. 14, 1772 — The Pine Tree Riot breaks out in Weare, New Hampshire, protesting the king's collection of fines (taxes) on the harvesting of pine trees in the colonies.


Dec. 16, 1773 — Demonstrators throw a shipload of British tea into the Boston Harbor to protest taxation without representation.


1774 — The British impose the Intolerable Acts in response to the Boston Tea Party, stripping Massachusetts colonists of many of their civil rights.


Sept 5 - Oct 26, 1774 — The First Continental Congress meets to determine how to respond to the Intolerable Acts imposed by the British. They draft and send the Petition to the King, a request calling for the repeal of the Intolerable Acts.


Mar. 23, 1775 — Patrick Henry says, “Give me Liberty, or give me Death!” in a speech at St. John's Church in Richmond, Virginia.


Apr. 18, 1775 — Paul Revere and William Dawes, ride from Boston to Lexington warning that “The British are coming” to seize John Hancock, Sam Adams and the colonial guns and ammo in Concord.


May 10, 1775 — The Second Continental Congress meets. They first elect Peyton Randolph, and then John Hancock as president, then raise the Continental Army under George Washington as commander and authorize the colonies to adopt their own constitutions.


Jun. 14, 1775 — The Continental Congress selects George Washington as commander of the Continental Army.


Jul. 5, 1775 — The Continental Congress offers the Olive Branch Petition, in hopes of reconciliation with the British.


Jul. 6, 1775 — The Continental Congress issues the Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms, stating: “...Our cause is just... being with one mind resolved to die freemen rather than to live slaves...”.


Aug. 23, 1775 — Refusing to even look at the Olive Branch Petition, King George issues a Proclamation of Rebellion against the American colonies.


Jan. 10, 1776 — Thomas Paine publishes his pamphlet Common Sense arguing for independence from British rule in the Thirteen Colonies.


Mar. 9, 1776 — Adam Smith publishes The Wealth of Nations in London, greatly advancing understanding of free market economics.


May 4, 1776 — Rhode Island becomes the first colony to renounce allegiance to King George III of Great Britain.


June 1776 — Thomas Jefferson writes the rough draft of the Declaration of Independence berating King George for a long list of deplorable acts, including the development and support of the Atlantic slave trade, which Jefferson called an "assemblage of horrors". His criticism of slavery is later deleted from the document by the Contenental Congress.


Jul. 2, 1776 — The Declaration of Independence is completed by the Continental Congress. The Lee Resolution is passed declaring the colonies to be independent of the British Empire.


Jul. 9, 1776 — An angry mob topples a statue of George III of Great Britain in Bowling Green, NY.


Dec. 23, 1776 — Thomas Paine begins publishing The American Crisis, which includes the famous phrase, “These are the times that try men's souls”.


Mar. 1, 1781 — The Articles of Confederation are ratified by the thirteen original states of the United States.


Jun. 17, 1783 — Nearly 400 soldiers from the Continental Army storm the Congress of the Confederation in the State House in Philadelphia, protesting to demand payment for their service in the Revolutionary War. Congress flees Philadelphia for Princeton, New Jersey.


Jan. 3, 1783 — Great Britain acknowledges the independence of the United States.


Apr. 15, 1783 — Preliminary articles of peace ending the American Revolutionary War are ratified.


Jan. 14, 1784 — The Congress of the United States ratifies the Treaty of Paris with Great Britain officially ending the Revolutionary War.


Late-February 1784 — William Whipple frees his slave, Prince Whipple, saying that no man could fight for freedom and continue to hold another in bondage.


Nov. 28, 1785 — The Treaty of Hopewell is signed between the United States of America and the Cherokee Nation.


Jan. 3, 1786 — The third Treaty of Hopewell is signed between the United States of America and the Choctaw.


Sep. 11, 1786 — The Annapolis Convention is held, resulting in the scheduling of the Philadelphia Convention.


Aug. 1786 - June 1787 — Shays' Rebellion in Massachusetts. War veterans take up arms because of poor treatment by the government.


May 14, 1787 — In Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, delegates begin arriving for a Constitutional Convention.


Sep. 17, 1787 — The United States Constitution is adopted by the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia.


Oct. 27, 1787 — The first of the Federalist Papers, a series of essays calling for ratification of the U.S. Constitution, is published in a New York paper.


Dec. 7, 1787 — Delaware ratifies the Constitution and becomes the first U.S. state.


Dec. 12, 1787 — Pennsylvania becomes the second state to ratify the United States Constitution, five days after Delaware became the first.


Jun. 21, 1788 — The U.S. Constitution is ratified by New Hampshire and reaches the necessary nine states required for it to become effective.


Mar. 4, 1789 — The first session of Congress begins under the new U.S. Constitution as the United States transitions from a union of states governed by a treaty into a new federation governed by a constitution.


Sep. 25, 1789 — Congress proposes twelve amendments to the Constitution — a Bill of Rights. Eleven of those twelve amendments were later ratified by the states.


Sep. 22, 1791 — The French Constitution of 1791 is ratified by the National Assembly.


Nov. 1791 — The Haitian Revolution erupts. Led by Toussaint Louverture and Jean-Jacques Dessalines, former slaves fight for their freedom and in 1804 kill off most of the remaining European colonialists to establish the first free republic governed by former slaves.


Dec. 15, 1791 — The first ten amendments to the Constitution, the Bill of Rights, are ratified by the states.


Mar. 14, 1794 — Eli Whitney receives a patent on the cotton gin which ignites the southern cotton industry, leads to an increase in southern slavery and sharpens the divisions between the North and the South.


Feb. 7, 1795 — Three years following ratification of the Bill of Rights, the 11th Amendment is ratified, limiting federal jurisdiction in law suits against states by out-of-state entities.


Apr. 7, 1795 — France adopts the metric system.


Aug. 3, 1795 — Signing of the Treaty of Greenville puts an end to the Northwest Indian War.


Aug. 22, 1795 — The French Constitution of Year III is ratified by the National Convention.


Oct. 27, 1795 — The United States and Spain sign the Treaty of Madrid, establishing the boundaries between their respective lands in America.


Feb. 17, 1801 — When no candidate receives a majority in the presidential election, the House of Representatives elects Thomas Jefferson on their 36th ballot after a week of debate and balloting.


Jun. 15, 1804 — Because of issues during the previous presidential election, the 12th Amendment is ratified by the states, changing the presidential election procedures.


Dec. 30, 1816 — Treaty of St. Louis is signed by the United States and the united Ottawa, Ojibwa, and Potawatomi Indian tribes.


1821 – Thomas L. Jennings becomes the first African American to hold a patent, for a dry-cleaning process.


1823 – Alexander Twilight is the first African American to receive a degree from an American college, Middlebury College, Vermont.


Dec. 30, 1825 — Treaty of St. Louis is signed by the United States and the Shawnee Nation.


Mar. 16, 1827 — The first black owned-and-operated newspaper, Freedom's Journal, is founded by William Hamilton, John Wilk, Rev. Peter Williams Jr. and other free blacks in New York City.


Aug. 21, 1831 — Nat Turner leads a slave rebellion in Southampton County, Virginia, killing about 60 white oppressors using knives, hatchets, axes, clubs and firearms.


1836 — Alexander Twilight is elected to Vermont's House of Representatives, the first black person in the country elected to state office.


1837 — Dr James McCune Smith becomes the first formally trained African-American medical doctor to practice medicine in the United States.


July 2, 1839 — Forty-nine Africans who were kidnapped from Sierra Leone and brought to America seize their transport ship, La Amistad, kill the cook and the captain, and eventually secure their freedom after the Supreme Court case United States v. Schooner Amistad.


May 1845 — Macon Allen is admitted to the Boston bar, becoming the first black person licensed to practice law in the United States. He later founded the first black law firm in the US with William Whipper and Robert Elliott, and was elected as a judge in Charleston County, South Carolina.


July 24, 1847 — Richard M. Hoe is issued a patent on the rotary printing press.


Jul. 5, 1852 — Frederick Douglass delivers his famous speech, "What to the Slave is the Fourth of July?".


1856 — Wilberforce University, the first college owned and operated by black people, is founded in Ohio. Its president, Bishop Daniel Payne, is the first black man to be president of a U.S. college.


1858 — Sarah Jane Woodson Early becomes the first African-American woman college instructor in the United States at Wilberforce College.


Nov. 7, 1861 — The Gullah become the first African Americans freed during the Civil War as Union forces establish beachheads in the Sea Islands and along the coast of South Carolina.


June 7, 1862 — President Abraham Lincoln proclaims the Lyons-Seward Treaty with Great Britain to suppress the African slave trade.


Jan. 1, 1863 — President Abraham Lincoln issues an executive order proclaiming freedom to all of the slaves in the ten states in rebellion. The Emancipation Proclamation excluded areas not in rebellion, but eventually freed 3.5 million of the country's 4 million slaves.


1864 — Dr. Rebecca Davis Lee Crumpler becomes the first black woman in the United States to earn an M.D.


Apr. 9, 1865 — The Confederacy surrenders to General Grant at the Appomattox Court House.


Dec. 6, 1865 — The 13th Amendment is ratified by the states, abolishing slavery.


Jul. 9, 1868 — The 14th Amendment is ratified by the states, extending due process, equal protection, and other protections to citizens within state jurisdiction.


Feb. 23, 1870 — Hiram Revels becomes the first African-American Senator.


Feb. 3, 1870 — The 15th Amendment is ratified by the states, recognizing the right to vote for all races.


Dec. 12, 1870 — Joseph Rainey becomes the first African American member of the House of Representatives.


Mar. 10, 1876 — Alexander Graham Bell successfully transmits his voice over an electrical circuit using his new invention, the telephone.


Feb. 8, 1878 — Thomas Edison is issued the first patent for the phonograph.


1881 — Congress is out of session during the two months that President James Garfield lay dying from his gunshot wounds, but the country continues to run smoothly.


1882 — Efforts by the Readjuster Party in Danville, Virginia lead to the establishment of the first racially integrated police force in the United States.


1884 — Judy W. Reed is the first black woman to hold a US patent, for an improved dough kneader and roller.


1887 — Granville Tailer Woods receives a patent for his invention, the Multiplex Telegraph, a device that could send messages between train stations and moving trains.


May 4, 1884 — Ida B. Wells refuses to give up her seat in the ladies first class section of a railroad car in Memphis -- more than seventy years before Rosa Parks does the same on a bus in Montgomery, AL.


Sep. 4, 1888 — George Eastman is issued a patent on the first roll-film camera.


Sep. 18, 1895 — Booker T. Washington delivers his Atlanta compromise speech at The Cotton States and International Exposition.


Dec. 17, 1901 — Wilbur and Orville Wright make the first powered airplane flights in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina.


July 11-13, 1905 — W. E. B. Du Bois, William Monroe Trotter and other activists meet in Niagara Falls and found the Niagara Movement, a forerunner of the NAACP.


April 1909 — Charles David Herrold, an electronics instructor in San Jose, California builds a spark gap radio and launches the first broadcast radio station -- a new industry that, along with filmed newsreels, would eventually break the monopoly in journalism that the printing press had enjoyed for centuries.


1910 — Madam C. J. Walker is the first black woman become a millionaire in the US.


Feb. 3, 1913 — The 16th Amendment is ratified by the states, allowing the federal government to impose an income tax.


Apr. 8, 1913 — The 17th Amendment is ratified by the states, establishing the direct election of Senators by popular vote.


Apr. 20, 1914 — About two dozen people in a tent colony of 1,200 striking coal miners, including miners' wives and children, are killed by the Colorado National Guard and camp guards from the Colorado Fuel & Iron Company in Ludlow, Colorado.


Jan. 16, 1919 — The 18th Amendment is ratified by the states, banning the manufacture and sale of alcohol.


Aug. 18, 1920 — The 19th Amendment is ratified by the states, recognizing the right to vote for all people irrespective of sex.


Mar. 13, 1931 — After failing to be held responsible for more serious crimes, Al Capone is charged with income tax evasion, then sent to prison where his health rapidly declines until he's nearly mentally incompetent upon his release years later.


July 28, 1932 — Police open fire on the Bonus Army Marchers in Washington, D.C., who where protesting for payment of IOU's issued to them after WWI. The U.S. Army, led by Douglas MacArthur and George S. Patton, attacks the 43,000 protesters, including men, women and children, burning their shelters and all of their possessions. Two were killed and hundreds were injured.


Jan. 23, 1933 — The 20th Amendment is ratified by the states, changing the dates on which the President and Vice President, and the Congress begin their terms. (to January 20th and January 3rd, respectively).


Dec. 5, 1933 — The 21st Amendment is ratified by the states, repealing the 18th Amendment — lifting the ban on alcohol.


1939 — William H. Hastie is the first black federal magistrate, and later the first black governor in the United States.


Feb. 19, 1942 — Franklin D. Roosevelt issues Executive Order 9066, imprisoning 120,000 totally innocent Japanese Americans, mostly U.S. citizens, in concentration camps.


Nov. 9, 1942 — The Supreme Court issues its opinion in Wickard v. Filburn claiming that, based on the Commerce Clause, Congress has unlimited power to prohibit virtually any activity.


1945 — Josephine Baker is awarded the Croix de Guerre and Legion of Honour for her work assisting the allies during the French resistance.


1946 — William H. Hastie is the first black governor in the United States.


Dec. 23, 1947 — John Bardeen and Walter Brattain at AT&T Bell Labs observe the amplifying effect of a crystal of germanium, and with William Shockley, develop the first transistor.


Jan. 27, 1951 — The 22nd Amendment is ratified by the states, limiting presidents to two terms.


May 17, 1954 — The Supreme Court issues its opinion in Brown v. Board of Education eliminating segregation in public schools, partially overruling its 1896 decision in Plessy v. Ferguson, and declaring that "separate educational facilities are inherently unequal."


Dec. 1, 1955 — Rosa Parks refuses to give up her seat on a bus in Montgomery, Alabama, igniting the civil rights movement.


Mar. 11, 1959 — The play A Raisin in the Sun by Lorraine Hansberry debutes on Broadway.


1960 — Rev. Clennon King is the first black United States presidential candidate.


Mar. 29, 1961 — Washington D.C. becomes part of the electoral college when the 23rd Amendment is ratified by the states.


1963 — Walter Harris becomes the first African-American chess master.


Apr. 16, 1963 — Martin Luther King, Jr. writes his Letter from Birmingham Jail in defense of the civil rights movement and the nonviolent, civil disobedience strategy that he advocated.


Aug. 28, 1963 — Martin Luther King, Jr. delivers his historic “I Have a Dream” speech, culminating the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom.


Jan. 23, 1964 — The 24th Amendment is ratified by the states, eliminating poll taxes, one of the Jim Crow laws that disenfranchised African Americans.


Jul. 2, 1964 — The Civil Rights Act of 1964 is signed into law, prohibiting discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin at the workplace and by facilities that serve the general public, and banning racial segregation in schools and discrimination in voter registration requirements.


Aug. 6, 1965 — The Voting Rights Act of 1965 is signed into law, prohibiting discrimination in voting and providing the U.S. Department of Justice with expanded enforcement authority.


1966 — Robert C. Weaver becomes the first black US Cabinet secretary. Later in 2000, the HUD building is renamed to the Robert C. Weaver Federal Building in his honor.


Feb. 10, 1967 — The 25th Amendment is ratified by the states, adjusting the procedures for presidential succession.


Oct. 2, 1967 — Thurgood Marshall becomes the first African-American Justice on the Supreme Court of the United States.


Jan. 3, 1969 — Shirley Chisholm becomes the first black woman to become a member of Congress.


Jun. 28, 1969 — A police raid of the Stonewall Inn in Greenwich Village, triggers a riot by its gay and lesbian patrons demanding recognition of their right to be who they are and to love who they want without harassment.


Jul. 21, 1969 — Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin become the first to walk on the moon, while Michael Collins pilots the Apollo 11 command spacecraft in lunar orbit.


Jul. 1, 1971 — The 26th Amendment is ratified by the states, recognizing the right to vote for anyone eighteen years of age and over.


Aug. 9, 1974 — Facing certain impeachment and removal from office, President Nixon resigns from office.


Sept. 17, 1978 — Mediated by President Jimmy Carter, the Camp David Accords are signed by Egyptian President Anwar El Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin.


Oct. 1, 1989 — Colin Powell becomes the first African-American to serve as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.


Nov. 9, 1989 — The Berlin Wall falls, allowing people to freely travel to/from East Berlin.


Aug. 20, 1991 — Estonia declares independence from the Soviet Union, then goes on to establish a free-market, free-trade economy with a flat-rate income tax, full civil liberties, and a free press, along with a constitutionally required balanced budget.


May 7, 1992 — Gregory Watson singlehandedly lobbies state legislators and successfully gets one of the twelve originally proposed amendments comprising the Bill of Rights, which makes members of Congress face the voters before any change in their salary takes effect, ratified by the states becoming the 27th Amendment.


July 1, 1999 — Shirley Ann Jackson becomes the first black woman to be president of a US University, and the first woman and first African American of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.


Dec. 12, 2000 — The United States Supreme Court releases its decision in Bush v. Gore, selecting the President.


Jan. 20, 2001 — Colin Powell becomes the first African American Secretary of State.


2002 — Halle Berry is the first African-American woman to win the Academy Award for Best Actress.


Jan. 26, 2005 — Condoleezza Rice becomes the frst African-American woman Secretary of State.


Feb. 28, 2007 — The parliament of the Balearic Islands, an autonomous region of Spain, becomes the first legislature to recognize the civil rights of all hominids.


Jan. 20, 2009 — Barak Obama becomes the first African American president.


July 17, 2009 — Charles F. Bolden Jr. becomes the first African-American Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.


Jan. 22, 2021 — Lloyd Austin becomes the first African-American United States Secretary of Defense.


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